European Capitals Ranked by Their Residents

Which European capital feels safest at night? Where is it easiest to find a flat or a job? Instead of our opinion, these rankings use what people who live in each city told the European Commission in its 2023 survey on quality of life in European cities.

Jump to: Satisfied to live there · Safe at night · Finding housing · Finding a job · Good for immigrants · Families · Public transport · Health care · Paying bills

Where residents are most satisfied to live

Question: Satisfied to live in this city. Share of residents, 27 European capitals, 2023. Average: 86%.

#	City	Country	Residents
1	Copenhagen	Denmark	95%
1	Stockholm	Sweden	95%
3	Luxembourg	Luxembourg	93%
3	Oslo	Norway	93%
5	Prague	Czechia	92%
5	Vilnius	Lithuania	92%
7	Tallinn	Estonia	91%
8	Bratislava	Slovakia	90%
8	Dublin	Ireland	90%
8	Helsinki	Finland	90%
8	Ljubljana	Slovenia	90%
8	Warsaw	Poland	90%
13	Lisbon	Portugal	89%
14	Vienna	Austria	88%
15	Brussels	Belgium	87%
16	Berlin	Germany	86%
16	Nicosia	Cyprus	86%
16	Zagreb	Croatia	86%
19	London	United Kingdom	84%
20	Budapest	Hungary	83%
21	Madrid	Spain	81%
21	Sofia	Bulgaria	81%
21	Valletta	Malta	81%
24	Paris	France	80%
24	Riga	Latvia	80%
26	Rome	Italy	71%
27	Athens	Greece	65%

Where residents feel safest walking alone at night

Question: Feel safe walking alone at night in the city. Share of residents, 27 European capitals, 2023. Average: 68%.

#	City	Country	Residents
1	Copenhagen	Denmark	87%
2	Ljubljana	Slovenia	85%
3	Luxembourg	Luxembourg	82%
4	Stockholm	Sweden	81%
5	Oslo	Norway	80%
6	Helsinki	Finland	79%
6	Zagreb	Croatia	79%
8	Tallinn	Estonia	78%
9	Vienna	Austria	77%
9	Warsaw	Poland	77%
11	Valletta	Malta	75%
12	Vilnius	Lithuania	73%
13	Riga	Latvia	70%
14	Dublin	Ireland	69%
14	Madrid	Spain	69%
16	Lisbon	Portugal	68%
16	Nicosia	Cyprus	68%
18	Paris	France	65%
19	Bratislava	Slovakia	63%
20	Prague	Czechia	61%
21	Berlin	Germany	59%
21	Brussels	Belgium	59%
21	London	United Kingdom	59%
24	Budapest	Hungary	58%
25	Sofia	Bulgaria	48%
26	Athens	Greece	40%
27	Rome	Italy	37%

Where residents say good housing at a reasonable price is easiest to find

Question: Easy to find good housing at a reasonable price. Share of residents, 27 European capitals, 2023. Average: 24%.

#	City	Country	Residents
1	Athens	Greece	47%
2	Sofia	Bulgaria	42%
3	Valletta	Malta	41%
4	Zagreb	Croatia	36%
5	Nicosia	Cyprus	35%
6	Madrid	Spain	32%
6	Vilnius	Lithuania	32%
8	Tallinn	Estonia	28%
9	Rome	Italy	26%
10	Ljubljana	Slovenia	24%
10	Prague	Czechia	24%
12	Riga	Latvia	23%
13	Oslo	Norway	22%
13	Vienna	Austria	22%
15	London	United Kingdom	21%
16	Budapest	Hungary	20%
17	Berlin	Germany	19%
17	Warsaw	Poland	19%
19	Brussels	Belgium	17%
19	Dublin	Ireland	17%
21	Helsinki	Finland	16%
22	Lisbon	Portugal	15%
23	Bratislava	Slovakia	14%
23	Copenhagen	Denmark	14%
23	Luxembourg	Luxembourg	14%
26	Paris	France	12%
27	Stockholm	Sweden	11%

Where residents say a good job is easiest to find

Question: Easy to find a good job. Share of residents, 27 European capitals, 2023. Average: 47%.

#	City	Country	Residents
1	Prague	Czechia	75%
2	Bratislava	Slovakia	67%
3	Oslo	Norway	62%
3	Sofia	Bulgaria	62%
5	Warsaw	Poland	61%
6	Stockholm	Sweden	58%
7	Paris	France	56%
7	Vilnius	Lithuania	56%
9	Copenhagen	Denmark	54%
9	Dublin	Ireland	54%
11	Tallinn	Estonia	53%
12	London	United Kingdom	51%
12	Luxembourg	Luxembourg	51%
12	Vienna	Austria	51%
15	Helsinki	Finland	50%
16	Berlin	Germany	48%
16	Riga	Latvia	48%
18	Budapest	Hungary	46%
19	Valletta	Malta	37%
20	Ljubljana	Slovenia	36%
21	Brussels	Belgium	33%
21	Zagreb	Croatia	33%
23	Nicosia	Cyprus	29%
24	Lisbon	Portugal	28%
25	Madrid	Spain	23%
26	Athens	Greece	20%
26	Rome	Italy	20%

Where residents say the city is a good place for immigrants

Question: Say the city is a good place to live for immigrants. Share of residents, 27 European capitals, 2023. Average: 65%.

#	City	Country	Residents
1	Lisbon	Portugal	84%
2	Dublin	Ireland	80%
3	Luxembourg	Luxembourg	79%
4	Helsinki	Finland	78%
4	Madrid	Spain	78%
4	Oslo	Norway	78%
7	Vilnius	Lithuania	75%
8	London	United Kingdom	73%
9	Berlin	Germany	70%
9	Copenhagen	Denmark	70%
9	Valletta	Malta	70%
12	Stockholm	Sweden	69%
12	Warsaw	Poland	69%
14	Prague	Czechia	66%
14	Vienna	Austria	66%
16	Brussels	Belgium	65%
16	Nicosia	Cyprus	65%
18	Bratislava	Slovakia	61%
18	Tallinn	Estonia	61%
20	Zagreb	Croatia	58%
21	Riga	Latvia	54%
22	Athens	Greece	53%
23	Rome	Italy	50%
24	Budapest	Hungary	49%
25	Ljubljana	Slovenia	48%
26	Paris	France	47%
27	Sofia	Bulgaria	40%

Where residents say the city is good for families with young children

Question: Say it is a good place for families with young children. Share of residents, 27 European capitals, 2023. Average: 76%.

#	City	Country	Residents
1	Luxembourg	Luxembourg	90%
2	Lisbon	Portugal	87%
2	Vilnius	Lithuania	87%
4	Nicosia	Cyprus	86%
5	Copenhagen	Denmark	85%
6	Valletta	Malta	84%
7	Helsinki	Finland	83%
7	Warsaw	Poland	83%
9	Zagreb	Croatia	82%
10	Oslo	Norway	81%
11	Bratislava	Slovakia	80%
12	Prague	Czechia	79%
12	Vienna	Austria	79%
14	Stockholm	Sweden	78%
15	Dublin	Ireland	77%
15	Madrid	Spain	77%
17	Tallinn	Estonia	76%
18	Brussels	Belgium	75%
19	London	United Kingdom	71%
19	Riga	Latvia	71%
21	Budapest	Hungary	69%
22	Berlin	Germany	68%
23	Paris	France	64%
24	Rome	Italy	60%
25	Athens	Greece	59%
25	Sofia	Bulgaria	59%
27	Ljubljana	Slovenia	53%

Where residents are most satisfied with public transport

Question: Satisfied with public transport. Share of residents, 27 European capitals, 2023. Average: 71%.

#	City	Country	Residents
1	Vienna	Austria	90%
2	Helsinki	Finland	87%
2	Oslo	Norway	87%
2	Prague	Czechia	87%
5	Stockholm	Sweden	85%
6	Luxembourg	Luxembourg	84%
7	London	United Kingdom	83%
8	Berlin	Germany	80%
8	Warsaw	Poland	80%
10	Copenhagen	Denmark	79%
11	Madrid	Spain	74%
12	Tallinn	Estonia	73%
13	Brussels	Belgium	72%
13	Ljubljana	Slovenia	72%
13	Zagreb	Croatia	72%
16	Budapest	Hungary	70%
16	Dublin	Ireland	70%
18	Athens	Greece	69%
19	Sofia	Bulgaria	68%
20	Paris	France	66%
20	Riga	Latvia	66%
20	Vilnius	Lithuania	66%
23	Bratislava	Slovakia	65%
24	Lisbon	Portugal	59%
25	Valletta	Malta	44%
26	Nicosia	Cyprus	39%
27	Rome	Italy	28%

Where residents are most satisfied with health care

Question: Satisfied with health care, doctors and hospitals. Share of residents, 27 European capitals, 2023. Average: 64%.

#	City	Country	Residents
1	Luxembourg	Luxembourg	87%
2	Oslo	Norway	86%
3	Brussels	Belgium	85%
4	Vienna	Austria	83%
5	Prague	Czechia	82%
6	Berlin	Germany	80%
6	Copenhagen	Denmark	80%
8	Paris	France	75%
9	Stockholm	Sweden	73%
10	Valletta	Malta	71%
11	Helsinki	Finland	70%
12	London	United Kingdom	67%
12	Nicosia	Cyprus	67%
14	Madrid	Spain	61%
14	Zagreb	Croatia	61%
16	Vilnius	Lithuania	60%
17	Dublin	Ireland	58%
18	Lisbon	Portugal	57%
19	Tallinn	Estonia	56%
20	Ljubljana	Slovenia	53%
21	Rome	Italy	51%
22	Sofia	Bulgaria	48%
23	Bratislava	Slovakia	45%
23	Riga	Latvia	45%
23	Warsaw	Poland	45%
26	Athens	Greece	39%
27	Budapest	Hungary	37%

Where residents are most satisfied with parks and green spaces

Question: Satisfied with green spaces such as parks. Share of residents, 27 European capitals, 2023. Average: 76%.

#	City	Country	Residents
1	Oslo	Norway	91%
2	Helsinki	Finland	89%
3	Copenhagen	Denmark	88%
3	Dublin	Ireland	88%
5	Berlin	Germany	87%
5	Ljubljana	Slovenia	87%
5	London	United Kingdom	87%
5	Luxembourg	Luxembourg	87%
5	Stockholm	Sweden	87%
10	Vienna	Austria	86%
11	Brussels	Belgium	84%
12	Riga	Latvia	83%
12	Vilnius	Lithuania	83%
14	Tallinn	Estonia	82%
14	Warsaw	Poland	82%
16	Prague	Czechia	80%
17	Paris	France	78%
18	Zagreb	Croatia	76%
19	Budapest	Hungary	69%
19	Madrid	Spain	69%
21	Lisbon	Portugal	68%
22	Sofia	Bulgaria	66%
23	Bratislava	Slovakia	65%
24	Rome	Italy	62%
25	Nicosia	Cyprus	56%
26	Valletta	Malta	43%
27	Athens	Greece	37%

Where residents are most satisfied with air quality

Question: Satisfied with air quality. Share of residents, 27 European capitals, 2023. Average: 58%.

#	City	Country	Residents
1	Helsinki	Finland	88%
2	Dublin	Ireland	81%
3	Luxembourg	Luxembourg	78%
4	Vienna	Austria	77%
5	Oslo	Norway	76%
6	Tallinn	Estonia	73%
7	Berlin	Germany	70%
7	Nicosia	Cyprus	70%
7	Stockholm	Sweden	70%
7	Vilnius	Lithuania	70%
11	Riga	Latvia	67%
12	Ljubljana	Slovenia	66%
13	Copenhagen	Denmark	64%
14	Prague	Czechia	60%
15	Zagreb	Croatia	59%
16	Lisbon	Portugal	56%
17	Brussels	Belgium	51%
18	Bratislava	Slovakia	50%
19	London	United Kingdom	47%
20	Budapest	Hungary	46%
21	Sofia	Bulgaria	40%
22	Madrid	Spain	38%
23	Valletta	Malta	36%
23	Warsaw	Poland	36%
25	Rome	Italy	31%
26	Athens	Greece	28%
27	Paris	France	26%

Where residents are most satisfied with cleanliness

Question: Satisfied with cleanliness. Share of residents, 27 European capitals, 2023. Average: 57%.

#	City	Country	Residents
1	Luxembourg	Luxembourg	93%
2	Vienna	Austria	82%
3	Ljubljana	Slovenia	81%
4	Helsinki	Finland	78%
5	Vilnius	Lithuania	76%
6	Tallinn	Estonia	75%
7	Oslo	Norway	69%
7	Riga	Latvia	69%
9	Copenhagen	Denmark	68%
10	Stockholm	Sweden	64%
11	Warsaw	Poland	63%
12	Nicosia	Cyprus	61%
13	Dublin	Ireland	58%
14	Prague	Czechia	56%
14	Zagreb	Croatia	56%
16	London	United Kingdom	54%
16	Valletta	Malta	54%
18	Berlin	Germany	47%
18	Lisbon	Portugal	47%
20	Brussels	Belgium	45%
21	Bratislava	Slovakia	44%
22	Budapest	Hungary	41%
23	Madrid	Spain	40%
24	Paris	France	36%
25	Sofia	Bulgaria	35%
26	Athens	Greece	34%
27	Rome	Italy	11%

Where residents say most people can be trusted

Question: Agree most people in the city can be trusted. Share of residents, 27 European capitals, 2023. Average: 59%.

#	City	Country	Residents
1	Copenhagen	Denmark	84%
2	Oslo	Norway	81%
3	Luxembourg	Luxembourg	79%
4	Stockholm	Sweden	78%
5	Helsinki	Finland	77%
6	Dublin	Ireland	73%
7	Valletta	Malta	68%
8	Vienna	Austria	66%
8	Vilnius	Lithuania	66%
10	Madrid	Spain	65%
11	London	United Kingdom	63%
12	Berlin	Germany	62%
12	Ljubljana	Slovenia	62%
14	Lisbon	Portugal	60%
15	Tallinn	Estonia	56%
16	Brussels	Belgium	53%
16	Zagreb	Croatia	53%
18	Nicosia	Cyprus	49%
18	Paris	France	49%
20	Prague	Czechia	48%
20	Rome	Italy	48%
20	Warsaw	Poland	48%
23	Riga	Latvia	44%
24	Bratislava	Slovakia	41%
24	Budapest	Hungary	41%
26	Athens	Greece	34%
26	Sofia	Bulgaria	34%

Where city services are easiest to use online

Question: City services are easy to use online. Share of residents, 27 European capitals, 2023. Average: 68%.

#	City	Country	Residents
1	Luxembourg	Luxembourg	82%
2	Copenhagen	Denmark	80%
2	Vienna	Austria	80%
4	Tallinn	Estonia	78%
5	Dublin	Ireland	76%
6	Warsaw	Poland	74%
7	Valletta	Malta	73%
8	Helsinki	Finland	72%
8	Nicosia	Cyprus	72%
10	Brussels	Belgium	71%
10	Prague	Czechia	71%
12	London	United Kingdom	70%
12	Vilnius	Lithuania	70%
14	Ljubljana	Slovenia	69%
14	Paris	France	69%
16	Budapest	Hungary	67%
17	Bratislava	Slovakia	66%
17	Oslo	Norway	66%
19	Lisbon	Portugal	64%
20	Riga	Latvia	63%
21	Stockholm	Sweden	62%
22	Madrid	Spain	61%
23	Sofia	Bulgaria	60%
24	Rome	Italy	56%
25	Berlin	Germany	55%
26	Athens	Greece	53%
26	Zagreb	Croatia	53%

Where the most residents struggle to pay bills

Question: Had difficulty paying bills most of the time (last 12 months). Share of residents, 27 European capitals, 2023. Average: 10%.

#	City	Country	Residents
1	Sofia	Bulgaria	27%
2	Athens	Greece	26%
3	Dublin	Ireland	15%
4	Lisbon	Portugal	14%
5	Brussels	Belgium	12%
5	Madrid	Spain	12%
5	Paris	France	12%
8	Riga	Latvia	11%
8	Zagreb	Croatia	11%
10	London	United Kingdom	10%
10	Nicosia	Cyprus	10%
10	Vienna	Austria	10%
13	Budapest	Hungary	9%
13	Rome	Italy	9%
13	Vilnius	Lithuania	9%
16	Bratislava	Slovakia	8%
16	Helsinki	Finland	8%
18	Oslo	Norway	7%
18	Stockholm	Sweden	7%
20	Berlin	Germany	6%
20	Ljubljana	Slovenia	6%
20	Tallinn	Estonia	6%
20	Valletta	Malta	6%
20	Warsaw	Poland	6%
25	Copenhagen	Denmark	4%
25	Luxembourg	Luxembourg	4%
25	Prague	Czechia	4%

Source: European Commission and Eurostat, survey on quality of life in European cities, 2023 (Eurostat dataset urb_percep). Where a question has two positive answers (for example "very satisfied" and "rather satisfied"), Placeivo adds the two shares. Several cities were surveyed as the wider "greater city" area. These are residents' own views, not official ratings.

How to read these rankings

• Each figure is the share of residents who gave that answer. It describes how people feel about their own city; it is not a measured crime rate, rent level or job count.
• Residents compare their city with what they expect, so a high score in a cheaper city and a high score in an expensive city can mean different things. Check the official figures on each city page too: rent, price level and income, each with its source and date.
• For the cost side, see salary needed to live in each capital, compare two cities and average salary after tax in Europe.